How does Leptin contribute to an increase in bodyfat

The relationship between Leptin and weight management.

We consume an average of 1 million calories per year. What is amazing is we have a 99.6% accuracy balancing energy in (food) and energy out (exercise, living). The bad news is the more we train the more we eat. After 2 years 70% to 95% of people studied return to their starting weight.

 We use a fat regulating system involving the hormone Leptin. Leptin is released by fat cells and has been shown to decrease apatite. So.. the more fat we have the less we want to eat? unfortunately its not so simple. It looks like Leptin insensitivity has a greater effect on weight gain. Research is limited around this topic but it looks like genes, lifestyle factors and diet could effect the bodies sensitivity to leptin. Our bodies could be fooled into gaining body fat to increase leptin levels.

 Some studies I looked at suggested a link between refined sugars, artificial sugars and fructose (fruit sugars) with a increase in Leptin insensitivity and therefore possible weight gain. Its looking like our genes have a greater play in deciding who has a weight battle and who can have a six pack and eat pies.

 The bottom line is..at this point in time your genes are mapped out, how you choose to deal with them is up to you.Personally I love been fit and fairly healthy. So concentrate on your health; exercise regularly, eat healthy and enjoy life.


Remember one pint is equal to 40mins of brisk walking so space your pubs apart. ;-)

Richard Leonard BSc Sports and Exercise Science

Personal Trainer

M: 07511468490

Web: Personal Training Clifton

E: rlbodytrainer@gmail.com

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/rlbodytrainer

Twitter: @LesmillsPT

Time to get off the couch

Time to get off the couch. To receive benefits to your health from exercise the recommend weekly activity is 75mins vigorous exercise (Hiit, spin, boxing, Running etc) or 150mins moderate exercise (walking) per week. Research has found that if you exercise more then the recommended amounts the health benefits won't increase proportionally to the amount of exercise. In other words the curve begins to flatten out. This doesn't mean you shouldn't workout more then recommend. We like to train for other reasons like it's fun or we enjoy the challenge. What is scary is in the UK only 6% of males and 3% of females reach this weekly target. The age of the sloth is well and truly here. Research has also found inactivity has the same effect as smoking 20 cigarettes per day on your health. One study found. A fit obese person has 1/2 chance of dying in the next decade then a healthy weight category unfit person. We seem to be obsessed with weight loss when in reality we should be focusing on activity first. Two high intensity classes a week is all you need or just over a 20mins of walking each day. Will help improve your quality of life and help save the NHS. 'You can do it'

Periodisation the next exercise Trend?

Another year has just arrived and another battle to complete those New Year’s resolutions has just begun. Most of us will have made at least one fitness goal we intend on completing. Your goal might be weight loss, weight gain or a sporting performance and this year you are looking for an edge to increase your chance of success. If you train the same way all the time your body would become accustomed to the programme and you fitness levels will plateau. One technique used by most athletes is periodisation. Periodisation is a great way to get optimum results from your training.

In the context of fitness, periodisation means changes in intensity, volume and frequency of training over a period of time. These factors are systematically structured to avoid over-training and produce greatest results. The ancient Greeks first used periodisation to prepare their athletes for the Olympics. Milo of Croton changed intensity over time by lifting a bull-calf on a daily basis until it had reached full maturity. Although this basic periodisation plan was completed by default Milo never lost a wrestling match in five consecutive Olympics. Modern periodisation wasn’t really defined until the 1970’s. This was due, at least in part, to some groundbreaking research by the noted physiologist Hans Selye, who ultimately formulated what he called the ‘general-adaptation syndrome’. According to this theory the body responds to ‘stressors’ (environmental stress) by adapting to meet the demands (it adapts by improving). When the adaptive response is reached the body stops changing until a new type of stress is introduced to produce further adaptation. Therefore periodisation introduces ever-changing stressors to produce maximum results.

Two main training philosophies are linear and non-linear periodisation. Linear periodisation generally consists of microcycles of 3-4 weeks and is completed in succession. An example of this would be hypertrophy training for 3 weeks, strength training for 3 weeks followed by power training for a further 3 weeks. This type of periodisation training is great for sports that have definable competition periods 3-4 times per year. Non-linear periodisation has dramatic changes that occur within a weeklong training cycle. An example would be Monday hypertrophy training, Wednesday strength training and Friday power training. Non-linear periodisation is best used by sports with long seasons and frequent competitions.

 Non-linear periodisation is also best used by individuals with no competition goals but physical goals such as weight loss. Researchers from Arizona State University found during a 12-week study that a non-linear trained group improved 29% (Bench press) and 56% (Leg press) compared to 14% (Bench press) and 26% (Leg press) in the linear trained group. Another advantage of non-linear periodisation is the variety in a training week, which reduces the boredom often seen in gym-based programmes. Although non-linear periodisation is best suited for the non-athlete there is nothing stopping you trying linear periodisation. Always seek help from a qualified instructor or personal trainer when designing a new programme.

The Non-linear Periodisation Programme

Before commencing this programme seek clearance from a medical practitioner. A six-week conditioning programme designed by a qualified instructor should be completed before commencing this programme.

The following programme is an example of an all-over body resistance programme. This programme is only one example of many that can utilise non-linear periodisation. The programme should be followed for no more than 4 weeks. After completion, seek help from a qualified instructor or personal trainer for a change of programme.

The non-linear periodisation plan
Workout Type Sets Reps Load Tempo Rest
1 Mass 3 12-8 Med 1,0,2 60sec
2 Strength 3 8-6 High 2,1,2 180sec
3 Endurance 4 25-20 Low 1,0,2 30sec
4 Power 3 15-12 Med 1,0,1 60sec

All four workouts should be completed in order once per week. Follow the exercises listed in the programme, change the variables listed in the table from workout to workout. All four workouts should be completed in order once per week. A warm-up of 5-10 min cardio should be completed at the start of the workout. A warm down and full body stretch session should be completed at the end. A possible workout plan could be:

Monday Workout 1
Tuesday Workout 2
Wednesday Cardio and core work
Thursday Workout 3
Friday Cardio and core work
Saturday Workout 4
Sunday Rest

The Exercises

Do not hold your breath, breath out on exertion. Select a load suitable for the rep range. Maintain technique throughout exercise, once you lose your technique stop!

1. Front Squats

Starting position
Feet should be between hip and shoulder width apart, toes forward and slightly outward. Keep elbows high, eyes on the horizon and the chest up. Move with hips first then knees. Squat as if sitting into a chair, keeping the abdominals strong. Stop decent if the heels start to rise or the pelvis tilts backward. Stop when the thighs are parallel to the floor.

Up phase
Drive through your heels using your glutes and quads. Keep eyes on the horizon, abdominals strong and the chest up throughout the movement. Do not lock your knees at the top of the movement.

2. Swiss ball Lunge

Start position
Place back leg flat on Swiss ball. Keep feet parallel and hips facing forward throughout the entire movement. Keep eyes on the horizon and the chest up throughout the exercise. Bend both knees simultaneously, do not let the knees travel over the toes.

Up phase
Return to starting position, finish rep range on one side then swap sides.


3. Swiss ball Chest Dumbbell Press

Starting position
Sit on Swiss ball with dumbbells on your thighs. Slowly roll down ball keeping your hips parallel with the floor. Stop when the head and neck are resting on the ball in a neutral position.

Down phase
Hold the dumbbells so your elbows are directly in-line with your hands. Keep the back and neck in a neutral position throughout the entire lift. Slowly lower the dumbbells until your arms are just past 90 degrees from your shoulders.

Up phase
Return the dumbbells to the starting position, do not lock elbows at the top of the lift.

4. One Arm Row

Starting position
Place one knee and one hand on the Swiss ball. Keep the back and neck in a neutral position. Start with the dumbbell at your side without dropping your shoulder.

Up phase
Raise the dumbbell to the side of your stomach, keeping your elbow close to your side. Do not twist your back to raise the dumbbell. Once rep range has been reached swap sides.

5. Standing Dumbbell Shoulder Press

Up phase
Feet should be between hip and shoulder width apart, toes forward and slightly outward. Hold the dumbbells slightly forward and to the outside of your shoulders. Keep the back and neck in a neutral position and abdominals strong throughout the entire lift. Press the dumbbell above your head while keeping your elbows slightly forward of your body. Do not let the dumbbells touch at the top of the movement.

Down phase
Slowly lower the dumbbells to the starting position. You control the dumbbells decent do not let gravity lower the dumbbells.

Richard Leonard BSc Sports and Exercise Science

Personal Trainer

M: 07511468490

Web: Personal Training Clifton

E: rlbodytrainer@gmail.com

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/rlbodytrainer

Twitter: @LesmillsPT

What is Human Balance?

Balance is referred to as an individual’s ability to produce and maintain a stable posture. Although balance is not the main focus of most individuals training goals it has a great importance to everyday life. According to the ACC 2015 statistical data, falls are the most common injury in older adults. Many factors can cause the elderly to fall but the underlining cause is a lack of ability to balance. Not only can these injuries have long lasting effects, such as loss of mobility for the individual, but in some cases cause death. Most sporting situations require a degree of balance for success. Not only will increasing balance improve an athletes sporting performance but will also decrease the chance of injury caused by loss of balance during sport.

An individual’s ability to balance is affected by two main areas, sensing change in body position and the ability to affect change in body position. There are three systems used within the body to sense change in position, vestibular (inner ear), visual (eyes), and somatosensory (soma = body, sensory = sensations). The vestibular system is found in the inner ear, it senses change in motion and position of the head. The visual system provides information to the brain on the body’s position in respect to the external world. The somatosensory system is responsible for conveying sensory information from the skin, muscles and joints to the brain. All three systems are used in combination to help the body balance.

The ability to change body position, in order to maintain posture, can be controlled actively by thinking about it or passively without thought. Our bodies usually use a combination of the two. The nervous systems postural reflexes control posture passively (sub-consciously). The body’s muscles and nervous system are used to actively control body position; an example would be changing arm position when balancing on one leg.

When your goal is to improve your balance you must improve both your ability to sense change and your ability to affect change in the body’s position. There are many techniques used for improving balance such as exercising while standing on one leg or performing exercises with your eyes closed. In this article we will look at just one technique, overloading both the somatosensory system and the muscles controlling balance. To improve a physical ability you can overload (make its job harder) than normally experienced.

 A good technique, when training for improvement in the somatosensory system, is to increase the demand on the system by making the base of support (i.e. the floor) unstable. The most common pieces of equipment used in the gym are the swiss ball or the wobble board which both work in two ways. Firstly by creating an unstable base of support making it harder for the body to sense change in position relative to the ground which then increases this system’s ability to work during normal situations. Secondly, making it harder to change the body’s position by not having a solid platform to push against, this helps to increase strength and stability of the muscles concerned with control of balance. This is especially important for older adults when lack of muscle strength is a key factor in causing falls.

The Balance Exercises

The following exercises can be used in addition to an individual existing exercise programme. If you have any known physical or medical conditions see your doctor for clearance before commencing these exercises. If possible have a qualified instructor check your technique.

The Wobble Board

A wobble board is usually a disc shaped board with a smaller dome on the base creating an unstable platform, although they do come in many shapes and sizes. An air-filled plastic wobble board with a wooden disc for stability was used for the following example. The wobble board has been widely used by physiotherapists for rehabilitation of lower limb injuries. It can be used to help improve the nervous system and stabilizing muscles. Within gyms the wobble board has been used more and more in a range exercises such as squats, lunges and press-ups to help improve balance and create variation from traditional techniques.

Wobble board squat and one arm shoulder press is an excellent exercise for improving balance while still completing a resistance style exercise. You should do the exercise at the start of your programme when your nervous system is fresh. Because the exercise uses a large number of muscle groups it is great for warming up the entire body.

The Swiss Ball

The swiss ball is widely used for improving strength, increasing muscle tone, increasing flexibility and in this case improving balance. The same principles for improving balance with the wobble board apply to the Swiss ball.

Swiss ball balance exercises can be preformed at the start of an exercise programme to warm-up or at the end of a programme as a cool-down. Make sure there are no objects or obstructions within a falling radius that may cause injury. When you have mastered the level 1 exercise by completing 2-3 sets with good technique for 1min, move on to the next level.


Wobble board squat with one arm medicine ball shoulder press.

Starting position
Place wobble boards shoulder width apart. Use a 1-6 kg medicine ball depending on strength. Stand on wobble boards with medicine ball in left hand at shoulder level.

Down phase of the squat (left arm shoulder press)
Feet should be between hip and shoulder width apart, toes forward and slightly outward. Keep the medicine ball steady at shoulder level, eyes on the horizon and the chest up. Move with hips first then knees. Squat as if sitting into a chair, keeping the abdominals strong. Stop descent if the pelvis tilts backward or when the thighs are parallel to floor which ever comes first.

Up phase of the squat
Start the one arm shoulder press halfway through the up phase of the squat. Keep eyes on the horizon and the chest up throughout the movement. At the completion of the squat and shoulder press transfer the medicine ball to the right hand.

Down phase of the squat (right arm shoulder press)
Repeat steps taken for the left arm.

Up phase of the squat
As before, start the one arm shoulder press halfway through the up phase of the squat. Keep eyes on the horizon and the chest up throughout the movement. At the completion of the squat and shoulder press transfer the medicine ball to the left hand

Swiss ball balance exercise.

Level 1: Four point stance

Mounting the ball
Start in an open area with a flat level surface. Place knees shoulder width apart against the ball. Place hands slightly outside the line of your knees on the opposite side of the ball. Slowly transfer your weight over the ball until you are balancing on top of the ball.

Holding the exercise
You should have four-point contact with the ball using both hands and knees. Keep back and neck in neutral position during exercise. Draw bellybutton towards spine to keep abdominals strong. Hold position for up to 1 min.


Dismount
Slowly move your body weight backwards off the ball until your feet make contact with the ground.

Level 2: Three point stance

Holding the exercise
The same technique is used for mounting and dismounting the ball in three-point stance as in four-point stance. There is a difference when holding the exercise. Once four-point stance is reached, slowly raise your right arm until it is inline with your back. Keep neck and back in neutral position. Hold for half the time of the total exercise then slowly return to four-point stance and raise the left arm.

Level 3: Kneeling on the Swiss ball
Start with same technique as four-point stance. Then slowly rise up to a kneeling position with arms out parallel to the floor for balance. Keep eyes on horizon and chest up.

Level 4: Kneeling on the Swiss ball with one arm medicine ball fly
Start in the kneeling position on the Swiss ball. When you have reached a stable position with out stretched hands raise a 1kg medicine ball in front of you. Slowly move the ball in one hand out to the side until it is inline with your body then slowly move the ball back into the middle. Grab hold of the ball in the opposite hand and repeat step. Continue with movement until set is over.

Richard Leonard BSc Sports and Exercise Science

Personal Trainer

M: 07511468490

Web: Personal Training Clifton

E: rlbodytrainer@gmail.com

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/rlbodytrainer

Twitter: @LesmillsPT

What is the Bosu?

Have you wondered what the new piece of equipment, which looks like a giant blue marshmallow is all about? It’s not so simply called a ‘Bosu’, which is an acronym for "both sides up". One side is a solid platform 25 inches across, the other side is domed shaped similar to half a swiss ball. The bosu can be used with solid side down or up creating two distinctive balancing modes. This unique design makes the bosu an extremely versatile and functional piece of equipment.

 A small group of professional and Olympic teams first used prototypes of the bosu in 1999. David Weck invented the bosu when he saw a need for a safe and effective piece of equipment that challenges the users balance, core stability and pro-perception. The bosu has two unique properties. Firstly, it is very versatile you can use the bosu for many training modes such as: strength, power, cardio, rehab and core stability training. Secondly, no matter what mode of training you are performing on the bosu balance and stability will also be a factor.

The bosu works great as a platform for traditional weight training exercises. Leg exercises such as squats and deadlifts, upper body exercises such as dumbbell press and one arm rows can performed using the bosu as a base of support. Power training such as plyometrics can be performed using the bosu. Try jumping on and off the bosu at different angles not only are you performing a plyometric but the changes in angles help improve agility necessary for most sporting situations. Group fitness classes using bosu’s for cardiovascular exercise can already be found in the USA. If they haven’t already started it is only a matter of time before a class similar to step classes will be started in New Zealand. Jogging or stepping on to the bosu will give you a cardiovascular response similar to using a rebounder or stepping on to a box.

The bosu works very much the same way as a wobble board is used in rehabilitation. Standing on an unstable platform increases the amount of work the stabilizating muscles have to do to keep balance. The properceptive system (senses body’s position) also has to work a lot hard to maintain a balanced posture. Overloading these systems will in a normal situation increase their ability to function. The bosu can be used to perform many of the same core stability exercises found using a swiss ball. Because of the unique nature of the bosu, new core stability exercise can be perform such as rollout while kneeling on the bosu or bridging with elbows on the domed side. The variation of exercises and modes of training using the bosu is huge. Because of the doubled sided nature of the bosu some exercise can be made more difficult by having the dome-side facing down. An example would be performing squats on the solid-side up.

The most important factor the bosu has to offer is no matter what mode of training you perform balance and stability will also be trained at the same time. This makes the bosu a great piece of equipment for the average exercises enthusiasts to the professional athlete. The two for one deal is a great way to save time allocated towards training. With today’s busy lifestyle time set aside for training is at a premium, for example the bosu gives you the opportunity to strength train and work on stability at the same time. Sporting situations place great demands on balance and stability, exercises using the bosu gives you a more sports specific style of training. For example performing squats on a bosu not only improves strength but also places great demands on balance and stability.

If you are looking for more information on training with the bosu there are DVDs, videos and books found on the Internet at sites such as www.amazom.com. If you do not have access to a bosu, try the larger sporting retail stores. Prices range around $170.00.


The Exercises

The following exercises can be used in addition to an individual existing exercise programme. Before commencing any exercise seek clearance from a medical practitioner. If possible have a qualified instructor check your technique.

Do not hold your breath, breathe out on exertion. Maintain a neutral spine position and switch on your inner core on before starting exercises. Maintain technique throughout exercise, once you lose your technique -stop! Make sure you perform all exercises in a cleared area with no chance of contacting objects during falls.

The following exercises are not to be used as a programme; they are merely an example of verity of different exercise modes that the bosu can be used.



1. Bosu Squats (Strength training)
Bosu squats can be performed with a barbell, dumbbells, medicine balls or simply body weight. A great exercise for strengthening the back and lower limbs. The nature of the exercise places greater demands on muscle stability and balance compared to traditional squats. Performing bosu squats with curved side down increases the difficultly of the exercise.

Starting position
Feet should be width apart, toes forward and slightly outward. Keep elbows directly under the bar, eyes on the horizon and the chest up. Move with hips first then knees.

Down phase
Squat as if sitting into a chair, keeping the abdominals strong. Stop decent if you start to lose your balance or the pelvis tilts backward. Stop when the thighs are parallel to floor.

Up phase
Drive through your heels using your glutes and quads. Keep eyes on the horizon, abdominals strong and the chest up throughout the movement. Do not lock your knees at the top of the movement.

2. Alternating M/ball Bosu press (Power training)
Mixing elements of power and stability training this exercise can be very demanding. This exercise will increase upper body (chest) power when performed with explosive speed. The nature of the exercise will help increase coordination and stability of the upper body.

Starting position
Place two bosu’s just greater then shoulder width apart. Start with the medicine ball next to the left hand bosu. You can perform full press-ups or start on your knees depending on your training experience. Place your left hand on the medicine ball and your right hand on the bosu to the right.

Down and up phase
Perform a press up until your upper arms are parallel to the floor. As you come up to the starting position move your left hand first by rolling the medicine ball to the bosu on the right. Then place your left hand on the bosu on the left. As you do this place your right hand on the medicine ball next the bosu on the right. Repeat steps on opposite sides until rep range has been reached.

3. One-legged balance (Balance/Rehab training)
This is a joint stability and balance exercise. A one-legged balance exercise is usually performed for rehabilitation of the lower limbs, hips or lower back. Because the bosu produces an unstable platform, this exercise helps increase stability of the ankles, knees and hips. When performing rehabilitation exercises always seek guidance from a qualified professional.

Starting and finishing position
Place one foot on the centre of the bosu. Slowly step up and raise the opposite foot slightly of the bosu by bending your knee. Try to keep your hips level with each other. Keep your eyes on the horizon and the chest up throughout entire exercise. Hold this position for 10-20 sec or until you lose balance. Repeat with opposite side. Always start with weaker side first.

4. Rollouts on Bosu (Core stability training)
Rollouts on a bosu will place demands on balance and inner core strength. This exercise highlights the need to have a strong integration between the inner core and the thorax muscles, which in turn, are linked to our legs and arms.

Starting position
Kneel on a bosu while placing both arms in the middle of a swiss ball, which is about half a metre away. Maintain a neutral back and neck position at all times throughout the entire exercise.

Finishing position
Slowly roll the swiss ball away from the bosu. Maintain a neutral back and neck position at all times throughout the entire exercise. Make sure your forearms are in contact with the S/balls and your inner core muscles are switched on. As your increase in core strength increase the distance your roll the swiss ball away. Slowly return to starting position.

Richard Leonard BSc Sports and Exercise Science

Personal Trainer

M: 07511468490

Web: Personal Training Clifton

E: rlbodytrainer@gmail.com

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/rlbodytrainer

Twitter: @LesmillsPT

Pregnancy and Training in the Gym

Exercise can play an important role in promoting health and well-being for pregnant women. Women who participate in exercise during pregnancy can minimise unnecessary weight gain, more rapid weight loss after pregnancy and improved their mood and sleep patterns. The main focus of any training programme during pregnancy should always be functionality. Your programme should be tailored towards the physical demands placed on your body during and after your pregnancy. The most important areas are functional strength, healthy cardiovascular fitness and joint stability.
Functional strength is needed to perform everyday tasks while pregnant. Increases in body weight, changes in posture and centre of mass caused by a developing baby will place unique demands on performing everyday tasks. It is very important to have the strength to manage these changing demands. When training in the gym exercises should mimic the basic movement patterns seen in everyday life such as sitting, lunging, stepping and twisting. Low-impact body weight exercises best meet these demands.

Cardiovascular fitness training should focus on maintenance rather then improving your fitness levels. If you have no history of cardiovascular training, walking is a great way to ensure a healthy fitness level for your pregnancy. Try 10-30min three times per week, keeping heart rate under 144 beats per min. The best form of cardiovascular exercise during pregnancy is low impact exercises such as swimming, aqua-aerobics, walking and cycling.

Joint stability can be an issue during the later stages of pregnancy. This is partly due to the rapid change in posture and centre of mass caused by the baby’s growth and partly due to an increase in plasma levels of the hormone relaxin. An increased relaxin level improves flexibility of the pubic symphysis and ligaments of the pelvic girdle helping childbirth. This effect can produce a loss of stability around the hips and lower back increasing the risk of injury. To combat this risk, some of your training programme should be dedicated towards stability and balance. Your stability and balance should be improved early in the pregnancy and then maintained during the later stages.

Exercise guidelines

The following exercise guidelines are recommended by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists for training while pregnant:

• Pregnancy is not the time to increase your fitness levels rather it is a time to focus on exercise for well-being. Maintaining fitness levels according to your pervious training experience is key. If you have no training experience focus on walking and low-level stability exercises. Always seek the help from a qualified fitness instructor or personal trainer.

• Exercise regularly 3-4 times per week at the same intensity level for short intervals. Because of the extra physiological demands created during pregnancy blood sugar levels can drop rapidly therefore limiting the duration of exercise between 15-30 mins.

• Always include a warm-up and cool-down with your exercise programme. Such as a 5-10 minutes on a stationary bike set at a low resistance. The warm- up will slowly raise your heart rate and prepare your body for exercise. The cool down will decrease the chance of blood pooling in your muscles caused by exercise.

• Monitor your heartbeat while preforming cardiovascular exercising. The guidelines set 140 beats per min as the maximum maternal heart rate during pregnancy. The baby will be deprived of sufficient oxygen if you allow your heart rate to exceed this level.

• Avoid over heating while you exercise. Always exercise in a well-vented area and try to stay out of direct sunlight during summer. Swimming and aqua-aerobics are great forms of exercise during pregnancy however heated pools, saunas and spas should be avoided.

• Always breathe during exercise. Holding your breath will increase blood pressure and decrease the amount of oxygen available to the baby.

• Do not exercise with pain or discomfort. A sudden change in the baby’s position can make exercise uncomfortable.

• Avoid heavy resistance training, contact sports, water sports, training at high altitudes and training in extreme temperatures.

• Energy requirements are increased during pregnancy. Make sure food intake matches energy requirements of exercise. Consult a qualified nutritionist before commencing an exercise programme.

• You will need to decrease your levels of intensity and duration as your pregnancy progresses into the third trimester. This is due to a decrease in your hearts ability to supply oxygen to you and your baby.

The Exercise Programme

Before attempting any training programme seek clearance from a medical practitioner. Find a qualified instructor or personal trainer with experience in programme design for pregnancy.

Richard Leonard BSc Sports and Exercise Science

Personal Trainer

M: 07511468490

Web: Personal Training Clifton

E: rlbodytrainer@gmail.com

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/rlbodytrainer

Twitter: @LesmillsPT

Weight Training & Fat Burning

The winter months have a habit of adding a few extra kilos of bodyfat. With summer approaching and the thought of having to show your body to the world. Decreasing bodyfat may be your main training focus during the next few months.

There are many factors to consider when reducing bodyfat including: nutrition, cardiovascular training and resistance training. Two questions often asked are will weight training make me look like a bodybuilder and what type of resistance training should I do?

Resistance training is often misunderstood and ignored by women due to a fear of building to much muscle. In fact, for most women, to gain the large amounts of muscle needed for female bodybuilding is a most challenging and difficult task. The physical state reached by a female bodybuilding competitor usually takes years of specific training and the completion of a strict nutritional plan. The main reason why most women find it difficult to gain a large amount of muscle is there inability to produce a large amount of testosterone. Testosterone helps stimulate muscle building and the secretion of human growth hormone which in turn helps to increase muscle mass. Women produce on average one tenth the amount of testosterone than that of men. There are however several other hormones involved in building muscle, and the benefits of increasing muscle for the regulation of body fat demands that resistance training be apart of a weight control programme.

There are two main reasons why resistance training is an essential part of a balanced fat loss programme. Firstly, increasing muscle mass increases basal metabolic rate (BMR). Secondly, the calorie burning affect during a weight training workout.

BMR is the amount of energy required by your body to sustain its vital functions in a normal state. In English this means, the amount of calories your body burns to stay alive. If you increase your lean muscle mass you increase your BMR. Even with a small increase in lean muscle mass the body will increase the amount of calories burnt in a resting state e.g. 3kg increase in lean mass muscle = an extra 45 calories burnt per day.

Although 45 calories sounds like a small amount this equals over 16000 calories per year. Also consider the amount of calories burnt while performing the resistance training to gain the extra 3 kg of muscle. Although resistance training has a lower caloric expenditure than activities such as jogging or cycling, a 70kg individual will burn 350Kcal per hour while weight training.

A resistance programme for fat loss should focus on the following. Complex exercises such as compound sets and multiple task exercises (e.g. Power cleans, squats and lunges with bicep curls). Targeting larger muscle groups will not only produce a greater caloric demand but will also help with the functional aspects of your nervous system, such as coordination. Rep ranges of 15-20. Stay away from the muscle building zone of 8-12 rep range until you start to lose body fat. This is usually the cause of women feeling bulky from weight training and can be avoided by losing body fat before gaining muscle. Keep intensity high. If you are only going through the motions of a workout your body will not adapt to an increase in demands, which means limited results. Finally, change your programme at regular intervals. Keep your mind and body challenged, variation will place greater physical demands on your body and stop you getting bored.

The Exercise Programme

Before commencing this programme seek clearance from a medical practitioner. A six-week conditioning programme designed by a qualified instructor should be completed before commencing this programme.

The following programme is an example of an all-over body resistance programme. The main focus of this programme is to combine many muscle groups in single exercises. The programme should be followed for no more than 4 weeks. After completion, seek help from a qualified instructor or personal trainer for a change of programme.

The following programme should be completed 3 times per week. One day on, one day off. Aerobic training (20-40min) and core-stability training (abdominals and lower back) 2-3 days per week. A warm-up of 5-10 min cardio should be completed at the start of the workout. A warm down and full body stretch session should be completed at the end.




The Resistance Programme

Twist knee squats 3 15-20 Med Slow 60sec
Knee lift backwards lunge bicep curls 3 15-20 Med Slow 60sec
Burpee press up 3 Max B/weight Slow 60sec
Bent over barbell row 3 15-20 Med Slow 60sec
Bench dips with swiss ball 3 Max B/weight Slow 60sec


The Exercises

Do not hold your breath, breath out on exertion. Select a load suitable for the rep range. Maintain technique throughout exercise, once you lose your technique stop!

1. Twist Knee Squats
Starting position
Start with feet wider than shoulder width, toes forward and slightly outward. With a wide grip hold the barbell above the head. Arms should be straight, do not lock out elbows. Keep elbows directly under the bar, eyes on the horizon and the chest up.

Down phase
Move with hips first then knees. Squat as if sitting into a chair, keeping the abdominals strong. Stop decent if the heels start to rise or the pelvis tilts backward. Stop when the thighs are parallel to floor.

Up phase
Drive through your heels using your glutes and quads. Keep eyes on the horizon, abdominals strong and the chest up throughout the movement. During up phase lift right knee up and across the midline of your body. When you reach the top of the exercise slowly lower your foot down to the starting position. Repeat exercise using the left knee.

2. Knee lift backwards lunge and bicep curls
Starting position
Start with the left foot on the box (Larger box = increased intensity)

High knee lift + Bicep curl
Lift the right knee as high as possible while maintaining a neutral back position. At the same time perform a double bicep dumbbell curl. Return foot to standing position.

Backwards Lunge + Bicep curl
Perform a backwards lunge with the left foot and a double bicep dumbbell curl. Keep feet parallel and hips facing forward throughout the entire movement. Keep eyes on the horizon and the chest up throughout the exercise. Return to starting position. Perform all reps on right side then repeat number on left.

3. Burpee Press-up
Starting position
Start in a press-up position with hands on a workout bench. Feet and hands are wider than shoulder width apart. Keep the back and neck in a neutral position throughout the entire exercise.

Burpee-in
Burpee in toward bench while maintaining a neutral back and neck position

Burpee-out
Without pausing Burpee out to the starting position


Press up.
Keep back and neck in neutral position throughout entire press up.

4. Bent-over Barbell Row
Starting position
Start with feet shoulder with apart. Hold the barbell with a reverse grip shoulder width apart. Bend at the hips while keeping the back and neck in a neutral position. Hold barbell just above knees.

Up-phase
Pull barbell up toward stomach while keeping your elbows close to your sides. Draw shoulder blades together at the top of the exercise.

Down Phase
Slowly lower bar to starting position.

5. Bench dips on Swiss ball
Starting position
Place hands no more than shoulder width apart on the bench. Do not lock elbows. Place feet on a small Swiss ball.

Down-phase
Slowly lower your body until your arms are parallel with the floor. Keep your back straight and close to the bench during the down phase.

Up-phase
Return to starting position without locking elbows

Good Luck
RL Bodytrainer
Personal Training Clifton

Plyometric Training for Speed and Power

Without really knowing it, you will have probably preformed plyometrics during a sporting situation, group fitness class or gym based workout. Plyometric training was first known as ‘jump training’ and was first used by eastern European athletes during the 70’s. The American field and track coach Fed Wilt first used the term plyometrics in 1975. Over the years plyometric training has quickly become an essential part of explosive speed and power training by athletes worldwide.

Plyometric exercises enable the muscle to reach maximum strength in the shortest amount of time, this action is also known as power. Athlete power directly affects an individual’s ability to jump, change direction and sprint, fundamental components of most sports. The basic physiological mechanism targeted by plyometric training is known as ‘the stretch-shorten cycle’. There are two important factors affecting the stretch-shorten cycle, elasticity and stretch reflex of a muscle. The elasticity of a muscle is important during the eccentric phase ( leg muscles lengthen before jump). As a muscle rapidly lengthens, energy is stored in the elastic components of the muscle (tendons and cross-bridging of the muscle fibers), which then can be added to the concentric phase (pushing off during jump). The stretch reflex mechanism is seen during the knee tap test preformed by doctors. When a tendon is rapidly stretched, the stretch reflex mechanism will cause the attached muscle to contract with equal force. It is very important that there is little delay between the action of the stretch shorten cycle and the concentric phase of the movement. If the time delay between eccentric and concentric phase of a plyometric exercise is too long the stretch-shorten cycle will not help produce extra power. When performing plyometric exercise keep contact time with the ground as short as possible.

There are a number safety and technique concerns needed to address when performing plyometric exercises. Safety concerns such as warm-up; footwear, exercise surface and level of intensity.

Plyometric training places great stress on the joints, tendons and muscles. The rapid change between the eccentric loading of the muscles and the concentric phase of the movement produces great force. With this in mind always warm-up and perform specific stretches before commencing plyometrics. The best way this can be achieved is by performing 5-10 minutes of low intensity cardiovascular exercise (jogging, skipping or stationary bike). Stretching should be preformed in a dynamic fashion. Dynamic stretching drills are simply, stretching with movement.

You may have seen sprinters skipping or marching down a track before a race or training, these are example of dynamic warm-up drills used before plyometric training. Do not perform long duration static stretches, this will only tone down the stretch-shorten cycle and will hamper your muscles ability to produce force quickly. To prevent injury always wear supportive footwear during training. Stay away from running shoes with too much shock absorption. Forces need too be transferred quickly between the eccentric and concentric phase, running shoes are designed to slow this force and will decrease the effectiveness of the training. Make sure the surface you are training on is even with no obstacles that can cause injury. The harder the training surface the greater the force will be transferred though the stretch-shorten cycle. If the surface is too hard (concrete or hard-wood) there is an increased chance of injury.

 Limit the amount of time-spent training on this type of surface. Plyometrics exercises place great stress on the body. Because of the high intensity nature of this training always seek help from a qualified instructor, coach or personal training when designing a programme. For more information on plyometrics there are many books, video’s and dvd’s dedicated style of training. The internet is always a great source of information, simply do a search on www.google.co.nz.

Performing the exercises.

Before commencing plyometrics seek clearance from a medical practitioner. A six-week conditioning programme designed by a qualified instructor should be completed before commencing this any of these exercises. If you have are carrying any injuries or excess body fat check with a qualified instructor before commencing any plyometric style exercise.

The following exercises are not to be used as a finished programme, merely as an addition to an individual existing exercise programme. Replace an existing exercises with a corresponding plyometric exercise listed below.

Make sure you are using supportive footwear and the training surface is even and clear of obstacles. . A warm-up of 5-10 min cardio should be completed at the start of the workout. The first 2 sets of plyometrics should be preformed at 50-75% intensity.


5-5-5 squat jumps 2-3 10-15 60s
Single leg side to side jump with a vertical squat jump 2-3 10-15 60s
Power drop 2-3 10-15 60s
Plyometric Reverse crunches 2-3 10-15 60s


The Exercises
Do not hold your breath, breath out on exertion. Select a load suitable for the rep range. Maintain technique throughout exercise, once you lose your technique stop!

1. 5-5-5 squat jumps

This is a great exercise for improving an individual’s vertical jump. 5-5-5 squats also tone the lower limbs (hips and thighs) without bulking muscles, which sometimes occur with heavy traditional squats. Great for sports such as: netball, basketball, volleyball and skiing.

Starting position
Stand with feet shoulder width apart. For increased load depending fitness level hold a 2-6kg medicine ball close to your chest. Keep eyes on the horizon, abdominals strong and the chest up throughout the movement.

Technique
Move with hips first then knees. Squat as if sitting into a chair, keeping the abdominals strong. Stop decent if the heels start to rise or the pelvis tilts backward. Stop when the thighs are parallel to floor.

Action
Perform 5 slow controlled squats while keeping the ball on your chest. Next, perform 5 drops squats by dropping quickly in the down phase and rising slowly in the up phase. Last, perform 5 explosive squat down and up phase fast. As you explode in the up phase drive the medicine ball as high as you can without letting it go.

2. Single leg side to side jump with a vertical squat jump

The ability to change direction quickly is needed in many sports. This exercise is designed to a produce explosive change in direction. With a focus on the abductors (outside thighs) it also has a great toning affect. Great for sports such as: Netball, basketball, volleyball soccer and rugby.

Starting position
Start in a vertical position on one foot with knees slightly bent. Use a pole or line to jump across.

Action
Jump laterally over the line or pole landing on the opposite foot. As you land jump explosively in a vertical direction. Repeat exercise in the opposite direction until rep range is reached.

3. Power drop

This is a partner-assisted exercise. The focus of this exercise is to increase explosive power of the chest, shoulders and triceps. Great for sports such as: netball, basketball, tennis and boxing.

Starting position
Lie in a supine on the ground with arm raised above your chest. Your partner stands on a box with medicine ball in outstretched arms.

Action
When the partner drops the ball catch it and propel it back to the partner in an explosive manner.

4. Plyometric Reverse crunches

You will need an exercise partner to complete this exercise. The focus of this exercise is to increase an individual’s ability to produce directional change using the abdominals. Many abdominals are performing in a slow and controlled manner, which is great for tone and shape but does little for functionality needed for sport. If you find traditional abdominal exercises no long produce a training affect try this high intensity exercise.

Starting position
Lie in a supine position on the ground. Have your partner stand above your head with feet shoulder width apart by your ears. Grip tightly around your partner’s ankle, be careful not to pull your partner over when performing this exercise. Raise your legs straight up toward your partner’s hands.

Action
As you raise your legs towards your partner she/he should push your legs away toward the ground. Resist this move and more raises your legs quickly to the starting position. Repeat until exercise rep range is reached.

Richard Leonard BSc Sports and Exercise Science

Personal Trainer

M: 07511468490

Web: Personal Training Clifton

E: rlbodytrainer@gmail.com

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/rlbodytrainer

Twitter: @LesmillsPT

Core conditioning

Over the years, gym based training has had a major re-think. The major training philosophy in the past originated from the bodybuilding world. The focus was directed towards an ideal symmetry and increasing the muscular size of an individual without any attention to posture, muscle-balance or injury prevention. Today the human body is not seen just as a reflection in the mirror but more as a functional instrument with the need for constant maintenance focusing on balance, stability and specificity of movement. Core conditioning encapsulates all of these principles and is the starting point for any programme designed to increase an individual’s functionality.

The key areas involved in core conditioning and functionality are, firstly, the inner core and how it improves function and secondly, integrating a strong core with the rest of the body during movement.

A strong inner core should have two main functions; To help produce and hold a neutral lower spine position and protect the lower trunk from injury during everyday movement. Neutral lower spine position is considered the position at which the lower (lumbar) spine and pelvis are best aligned to transmit forces thru the trunk. At this position the structures of the lower back and pelvis can receive and transmit force from the rest of the body with a decreased risk of injury. Activating the inner core will help produce a neutral spine position. There are four parts to the inner core and the best way to visualize its structure is to use a cylindrical model. The top of the cylinder represents the diaphragm, the front and sides represents transverses abdominis muscles, the back represents the multifidus muscles and the base represents the pelvic floor muscles. Activating all four groups in a coordinated manner will not only help produce neutral spine but also form a strong girdle like structure around the lower back. Without this girdle in place, the lower spine and joints are at great risk of injury from forces caused by unusual or high-risk movement patterns (i.e., rotation and flexing at the same time). When the inner core is strong, forces from the limbs can transmit more effectively throughout the body. From sporting situations to everyday physical tasks ability to produce powerful integrated movements safely all starts with functional inner core. Imagine a crane with one weak section: it doesn’t matter how strong the rest of the structures are, its ability to lift is always limited by its weakest link.

An important factor that is often missed is the integration of the core has with the rest of the body. Not only must the inner core interact with the structures of the thorax (hips, shoulders and neck) but these structures must also interact with the upper and lower limbs. A strong linkage between these structures is paramount. We move in a multidimensional world and human movement will produce forces that will to travel away and towards the center of the body. When you first decide to start an exercise programme it is essential to seek help from a qualified instructor or personal trainer to teach you the basics like neutral spine posture and switching on your inner core. Many gyms now run programmes focusing on core conditioning. Les mills have a 12-week programme dedicated to helping an individual progress from a beginner level to advance core training. Like a house the human body needs strong foundations, when you first start training it is important to focus on inner core. When you gain control over your inner core change your programme to integrate the total body. Exercises should then involve the upper and lower limbs in a coordinated manner, mimicking movement used in everyday life. If you try a more advanced exercise and cannot maintain neutral spine and inner core activation, take a step back. Your nervous system will learn faster with correct posture and core activation. Slowly increase the difficulty of exercises as you gain control over your body.


The Exercise Programme

Before commencing any of these exercises, seek clearance from a medical practitioner. The following examples are advanced core exercises. You will need a strong core to attempt the following exercises. If you want to start training your core or need to improve your cores functionality, seek help from a qualified instructor or personal trainer.

The following exercises can be used in addition to an individual existing exercise programme. Try 1 or 2 of the following exercises after a 5-10 min warm-up.

Sets Reps/ time Rest
Double Swiss-ball roll out 2-3 1-10 60s
Pole Bridge 2-3 1-10 60s
Inner unit leg switch 2-3 1-10 60s
Swiss-ball side twists 2-3 1-15 60s
S/ball m/ball bridges 2-3 10-20s 60s

Do not hold your breath, breathe out on exertion. Maintain a neutral spine position and switch on your inner core on before starting exercises. Maintain technique throughout exercise, once you lose your technique -stop! Make sure you perform all exercises in a cleared area with no chance of contacting objects during falls.
The exercises

Double Swiss-ball roll out

This is an extremely advanced exercise that will place great demands on balance and inner core strength. This exercise highlights the need to have a strong integration between the inner core and the thorax muscles, which in turn, are linked to our legs and arms. Mastering this exercise indicates great control over one’s body.

Starting position
Place two equally sized Swiss-balls one diametre apart. Mount one ball in the kneeling position. Slowly place your hands on the other ball forming a horse stance position. Roll both balls apart so you can start in a kneeling bridge position. Make sure your forearms and lower legs are in contact with the S/balls. Maintain a neutral back and neck position at all times.

Finishing position
Roll both S/balls apart while maintaining a neutral back and neck position. When you start to lose technique or strength, roll both S/ball’s together to the starting position. Only repeat reps while maintaining the correct form.

Pole Bridge

This exercise is an advanced version of a rollout exercise. It will place great demands on inner core and upper body strength. Increasing the starting distance of your knees to the pole will increase difficulty.

Starting position
Start with knees shoulder width apart. Maintain a neutral spine and neck position throughout entire movement. The pole should be about one and a half metres away from your knees. Start with one hand above the other just above your head height.

Finishing position
While maintaining a neutral back and head position, slowly place one hand below the next. When you begin to lose neutral spine position return to the starting position by placing one hand above the other. Repeat steps while correct technique is preformed.

Inner unit leg switch

Inner unit exercises are one of the foundation exercises used for improving inner core function. Performing the exercise with straight leg switch places great demands on the inner core. Before attempting this exercise the individual must have mastered lower level inner unit exercises. Failure to do this will result in the use of the superficial muscles (rectus abdominis) and the focus of the exercise will be lost.

Starting position
In the supine position place both feet shoulder width apart on the floor. Begin with the spine and neck in a neutral position. Next, activate your inner core by shortening the distances between your navel and tailbone. Maintain breathing while performing the exercise. Lift your right leg up close to 90 degrees and your left leg 30 centimetres of the ground. If you lose control of your core at this stage try doing a lower level inner core exercise to build up control.

Finishing position
Keep your inner core switched on throughout the entire exercise. Slowly alternate legs into opposite positions. If you lose control of inner core or technique, stop the set and rest until next.

Swiss-ball side twists

This exercise focuses on rotation of the torso that is often left out in exercise programmes. This is a great exercise for sports involving rotation such as rugby, netball and tennis.

Starting position

From a sitting position slowly roll down the S/ball while maintaining a neutral spine and neck. Grip the medicine ball with both hands and raise it above your chest.

Finishing position

Slowly lower the m/ball to the right side while keeping eye contact with the m/ball at all times. Make sure you keep your hips level and your feet in contact with the ground throughout entire exercise. If you lose technique or the m/ball reaches the horizon return m/ball to the starting position and then repeat on the left side.


Swiss-ball and medicine ball bridges

This is an advanced version of a bridge style exercise. The nature of the exercise places great demands on balance and inner core strength.

Starting position

Place a medicine ball two meters away from a swiss ball. Roll out over the S/ball until the m/ball is directly under your shoulders. Maintain neutral spine and neck position throughout the entire movement. Place your strongest hand one top of the m/ball one hand width to the side. In an explosive motion, snap your other hand onto the opposing side.

Finishing position

Focus on maintaining a neutral spine and neck while balancing in this position. Try to build your time spent balancing.

Richard Leonard BSc Sports and Exercise Science

Personal Trainer

M: 07511468490

Web: Personal Training Clifton

E: rlbodytrainer@gmail.com

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/rlbodytrainer

Twitter: @LesmillsPT